The Book of Particles
…from the Cell down.
According to the "Standard Model" of physics
“Listen to the song of life.” - Katherine Hepburn (Family Motto)
“…………the universe is 12 billion years old”. - Hubble Telescope
Stats: Weight, Size, Volume, Specific Gravity?, Gravitational Force??, Speed??, Frequency??
Cells are the basic building blocks of all plant and animal tissue. They are also the smallest independently functioning vehicles for Life.
There are about 10 million million cells in the average human body.
Plant cells have walls.
Cell Nucleous
Includes Chromosomes and Bacteria.
This is the crucible, the workshop wherein the enzymes - the engines of energy production within cells – do their work.
Mitochondria have their own DNA
The unit within plant cells which supports photosynthesis. It is the plant equivalent of a Mitochondrion.
Found only in the cells of non-bacterial life forms (Eukaryotes), these carry the genetic information.
A unicellular organism, typically these are much smaller than an animal or plant cells largely because they do not have a clearly defined nucleus. Rather, they have a “nucleoid” made up of a single loop of DNA. Bacteria tend to exist in 3 basic forms; spheres – called cocci, rods – called bacilli, and spirals – called spirilla.
Actually a length of DNA which carries genetic code in the form of the information required to construct a Polypeptide Chain. A human cell contains about 100,000 genes; a bacterium, only about 3000.
Typically smaller than a large DNA molecule, but larger than a protein. They usually consist of a strand of DNA or RNA within a protective protein coat. They vary in size from 10 to 300 nanometres. They are incapable of independent life, and require entry into a cell because they lack the capability to synthesise protein or produce energy.
A Protein is either a “structural” molecule consisting of over 200 Amino acids and held together by Carbon and Nitrogen bonds.
Or, a “functional” molecule such as an Enzyme.
An Enzyme is a form of protein molecule, as is an Antibody. Enzymes can accelerate chemical reaction times by millions. Antibodies combat infection.
Molecular cluster made up of a long chain of between 100 and 200 Amino acids held together by Carbon and Nitrogen bonds.
A molecule consisting of two or more Amino Acid molecules linked by Carbon and Nitrogen bonds.
Molecular organic acids which combine together to form Proteins.
There are 20 known major acids and these occur in specific sequences in a peptide chain. All known Peptides are made up of varying combinations of these sequences.
Amino acids are the "letters"; peptides are the "words"; polypeptides are the "phrases"; proteins are the "sentences".
Effectively another form of protein but without DNA or RNA. It is not known how they work.
The building blocks of Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
The smallest particle of a substance which actually contains all the traits of that substance. There are many of these in a cell. The largest molecule would be a DNA molecule. Molecules are made up of Atoms.
An Ion is a charged atom or group of atoms, so it might be smaller or larger than the uncharged atom. The charge is due to the addition or removal of one or more electrons. Positively charged Ions are called cations; negatively charged ones are called anions. The smallest ion is H+, a positively charged hydrogen atom, which is in fact a bare proton.
Atoms are made up of (obviously) sub-atomic particles called Electrons, Protons, and Neutrons.
This is the term used to describe discrete sub-atomic particles which tend to have the characteristics of both waves AND particles. In fact, many observers hold the view that quanta behave as particles only when they are being observed. The rest of the time, they behave like waves.
the smallest nucleus is a single proton (the hydrogen nucleus)
Positively charged particle emitting from isotopes undergoing radioactive “alpha” decay. It is always made up of 2 Protons and 2 Neutrons.
Negatively charged particle emitting from isotopes undergoing radioactive “beta” decay. It is either an Electron or a Neutron.
slightly larger than a neutron (mass = mass of neutron + mass of electron)
Much smaller than a Neutron. Maybe 1/1,000th the mass, and 1/1837th the mass of a Proton.
However, it is doubtful that Electrons actually possess any dimension at all. “An Electron is simply not an object as we know it.”* (*Talbot) Further, electrons can manifest either as particles or as waves (depending upon whether we are looking at them or not)..
|
Family 1 |
Family 2 |
Family 3 |
|
Particle |
Mass |
Particle |
Mass |
Particle |
Mass |
|
electron |
.00054 |
muon |
.11 |
tau |
1.9 |
|
electron-neutrino |
< 10 -8 |
muon-neutrino |
< .0003 |
tau-neutrino |
< .033 |
|
up-quark |
.0047 |
charm quark |
1.6 |
top quark |
189 |
|
down-quark |
.0074 |
strange quark |
.16 |
bottom quark |
5.2 |
Mass = the property of an object that is a measure of its inertia, the amount of matter it contains, and its influence in a gravitational field. – Encarta Here expressed in multiples of the proton mass.
There are four more "force carrying" particles called Bosons, they include the photon.
are composite particles made up of 3 quarks or 3 antiquarks.
are composite particles made up of 1 quark and 1 antiquark.
everything is made up of fermions (either quarks or leptons), of which there are 6 kinds of each
vary so much in mass, a one Baryon might have less mass than a quark - in the same way that an animal (shrew) can be smaller than a (human) heart.
. Quarks are Up, Down, Strange, Charm, Top or Bottom quarks.
Leptons are the Electron, Mu, and Tau as well as the electron neutrino, mu neutrino, and tau neutrino.
A form of Lepton, with no charge and travelling at or near the speed of light.
Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (dark matter)
Sub particular area of interconnectedness through which all matter/nonmatter communicates.
4 Forces
electromagnetic – photon
strong nuclear – gluon
weak nuclear – boson
gravitation - graviton
SOURCES:
The Very Reverend Dr Martin – Church Dignitary
Ian and Tim Eiloart – Church Parishioners (not as dignified)
Usborne Dictionary of Physics – Oxlade, Stockley, & Wertheim
Science & Technology Encyclopædia – Philips Ltd
The Holographic Universe – Michael Talbot
The Fragile Species – Lewis Thomas
The Elegant Universe – Brian Greene
READING THE MIND OF GOD wot's the string?
‘String
Theory', by
uniting relativity with ‘quantum theory', has leading physicists
around the world scrambling to learn a bizarre theory which says that
music resonating through hyperspace may be the Mind of God.
MICHIO
KAKU (excerpt from an interview for The Prophets Conference
Florida Keys, NOV16-18)
When these
little strings vibrate, they create notes and we believe these notes
are, in fact, the subatomic particles that we see around us. The
melodies that these notes can play out is called ‘matter,’ and
when these melodies create symphonies, that’s called the
‘universe’.
Now the harmonies that these strings can make are
the laws of physics. However, when these strings move, they warp
space and time around them exactly as Einstein had predicted. So even
if Einstein had never lived, we would have discovered Einstein’s
theory of general relativity as a by-product of string theory.
String theory however is defined in ten dimensional hyperspace,
which some physicists once thought was science fiction. How could it
be that we live in a ten dimensional universe? Well the skeptics
hardly laugh anymore. Around the world, the nation’s leading
physicists are scrambling to learn this bizarre theory that may allow
us to read the mind of God, called string theory, which says that
music resonating through hyperspace may be the mind of God
WE
HAVE LEPTONS, HADRONS, CAPAMEZONS AND TAOMEZONS
QUESTION:
In Africa they have a term called
ubuuntu.
Bishop Tutu describes it as the concept that all of mankind is
linked… that, in fact, if we hurt one person, we all get hurt. In
relation to Einstein’s unified field theory, is Western science
and our society - actually approaching truths that so-called
primitive cultures hold as self evident?
They're
talking about holism. They talk about the whole - not the
reductionism of Western science. Well, let’s take a look at
reductionism. On one hand, it has yielded tremendous benefits. We
were able to understand the nature of the atom. Which gave us
chemistry. We were able to crack the atom apart and be able to
understand the nature of the stars. Then we probed deeper and deeper
and, when we shattered the atoms apart, we got the quark model, and
it seemed like a victory over holism.
But
not so fast. Because, you see,
we now have too many
quarks. We have thousands
of subatomic particles with bizarre names. We have leptons, hadrons
and we have capamezons and taomezons and different kinds of
particles. When I was a PhD student at
University of California at
Berkeley, I had to memorise hundreds of subatomic particles, and it
was hard to believe that God, at a fundamental level, could be so
malicious as to bedevil PhD students by forcing us to memorise the
names of hundreds of particles.
Then I began to think, what
about a more holistic approach?
Well, the irony is the quark model ran out of steam. We have 36
quarks now and we have a whole slew of leptons and neutrinos. Now, we
don’t know where this quark model came from. It’s a very ugly
theory. Think of getting an aardvark and a whale and a giraffe and
Scotch-taping them together and calling this Nature’s supreme
achievement… the highest stage of evolution!
The standard model,
which includes the quark model, is an ugly theory. Even its creators
say it's ugly as sin. And how can we believe that the universe, which
seems to be so simple and unified, can create such a horrible theory
at the fundamental level?
The irony is, when you look at space and
time and try to unite the quarks with gravity and a fabric of space
and time, then you’re literally forced
to go into hyperspace - a holistic theory - a theory not just of tiny
subatomic particles, but a theory of space and time, gravity, of
manifold… the theory of Einstein, the power of creation itself -
perhaps summarised in an equation one inch long.
So you see, we
shouldn’t laugh when we talk about the power of Western
civilisation and the primitiveness of holistic societies because the
irony of ironies is that reductionism ran out of steam. We have to go
to a higher theory - a theory of hyperspace.
A theory where the
arena is no longer in the third dimension.
The arena is the tenth
dimension. An inherently holistic theory because it unites gravity
with the two nuclear forces with the electromagnetic forces, which
may allow us, at some point, to “read
the mind of
God.”
http://www.greatmystery.org/montereyconference.html.
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